EMDR Therapy
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a psychotherapy approach developed by psychologist Dr. Francine Shapiro in the late 1980s. EMDR therapy is primarily used to treat individuals who have experienced trauma, particularly post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but it has also been applied to other mental health issues and conditions. Here is an overview of the history and key elements of EMDR therapy:
- Origins of EMDR: EMDR therapy was discovered somewhat serendipitously by Dr. Francine Shapiro in 1987 when she noticed that rapid, rhythmic eye movements seemed to reduce the intensity of disturbing thoughts. This observation led her to explore the potential therapeutic benefits of eye movements.
- Scientific Validation: In 1989, Dr. Shapiro published her initial findings on EMDR therapy in the Journal of Traumatic Stress. She reported success in using EMDR to treat victims of trauma. These early findings provided a foundation for further research and development of the therapy.
- Evolution of EMDR Therapy: Over the years, EMDR therapy has evolved and developed, with contributions from therapists and researchers worldwide. It has incorporated elements from various treatment approaches and established standardized protocols.
- Understanding How EMDR Works: EMDR therapy is designed to help individuals process traumatic memories and experiences in a way that reduces their emotional distress. When a person experiences trauma, the memory of the event can become “frozen in time,” causing ongoing distress. EMDR aims to reprocess these memories so they are no longer as emotionally charged.
- Eight Phases of Treatment: EMDR therapy typically involves eight phases of treatment. These phases address past traumatic memories, present disturbances, and future actions to help individuals process their experiences and achieve better mental health.
- Duration and Sessions: The number of EMDR therapy sessions required can vary based on the individual’s history and specific needs. Sessions can last between 50 to 90 minutes. The therapy may be used as a standalone treatment or in conjunction with other forms of therapy.
- Scientific Support: EMDR therapy has been the subject of numerous controlled studies, which have consistently found it to be effective in reducing or eliminating the symptoms of PTSD and related conditions. It is endorsed as an effective treatment for trauma-related disorders by organizations such as the American Psychiatric Association, the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, and various governmental agencies.
- Conditions Treated: While EMDR is best known for its effectiveness in treating PTSD, it has also been used to address a range of other conditions, including panic attacks, complicated grief, dissociative disorders, phobias, pain disorders, performance anxiety, stress reduction, addictions, abuse-related trauma, body dysmorphic disorders, and personality disorders.
- EMDR therapy has gained recognition as a valuable treatment option for individuals who have experienced trauma and related mental health issues. It continues to be researched and applied in clinical practice, offering hope and relief to those struggling with the aftermath of traumatic events.
EMDR Recognized for National and International Guidelines
The following international treatment guidelines recognize EMDR therapy
- American Psychiatric Association (2004). Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association Practice Guidelines
– EMDR given the same status as CBT as an effective treatment for ameliorating symptoms of both acute and chronic PTSD.- EMDR is one of only three methods recommended for treatment of terror victims. - Bleich, A., Kotler, M., Kutz, I., & Shalev, A. (2002). A position paper of the (Israeli) National Council for Mental Health: Guidelines for the assessment and professional intervention with terror victims in the hospital and in the community. Jerusalem, Israel.
– EMDR is one of only three methods recommended for treatment of terror victims. - California Evidence-Based Clearinghouse for Child Welfare (2010). Trauma Treatment for Children.
– EMDR and Trauma-focused CBT are considered “Well-Supported by Research Evidence.” - Chambless, D.L. et al. (1998). Update of empirically validated therapies, II. The Clinical Psychologist, 51, 3-16.
– According to a taskforce of the Clinical Division of the American Psychological Association, the only methods empirically supported for the treatment of any post-traumatic stress disorder population were EMDR, exposure therapy, and stress inoculation therapy. - CREST (2003). The management of post traumatic stress disorder in adults. A publication of the Clinical Resource Efficiency Support Team of the Northern Ireland Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety, Belfast.
– Of all the psychotherapies, EMDR and CBT were stated to be the treatments of choice. - Department of Veterans Affairs & Department of Defense (2010). VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of PTSD and Acute Stress Reaction. Washington, DC.
– EMDR was one of four therapies given the highest level of evidence and recommended for treatment of PTSD. - Dutch National Steering Committee Guidelines Mental Health Care (2003). Multidisciplinary Guideline Anxiety Disorders. Quality Institute Heath Care CBO/Trimbos Intitute. Utrecht, Netherlands.
– EMDR and CBT are both treatments of choice for PTSD - Foa, E.B., Keane, T.M., Friedman, M.J., & Cohen, J.A. (2009). Effective treatments for PTSD: Practice Guidelines of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies New York: Guilford Press.
– EMDR was listed as an effective and empirically supported treatment for PTSD, and was given an AHCPR “A” rating for adult PTSD. This guideline specifically rejected the findings of the previous Institute of Medicine report, which stated that more research was needed to judge EMDR effective for adult PTSD. With regard to the application of EMDR to children, an AHCPR rating of Level B was assigned. Since the time of this publication, three additional randomized studies on EMDR have been completed. - INSERM (2004). Psychotherapy: An evaluation of three approaches. French National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris, France.
– Of the different psychotherapies, EMDR and CBT were stated to be the treatments of choice for trauma victims. - National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (2005). Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): The management of adults and children in primary and secondary care. London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence.
– Trauma-focused CBT and EMDR were stated to be empirically supported treatments for choice for adult PTSD. - SAMHSA’s National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices (2011). The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) is an agency of the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).
– This national registry (NREPP) cites EMDR as evidence-based practice for treatment of PTSD, anxiety and depression symptoms. Their review of the evidence also indicated that EMDR leads to an improvement in mental health functioning. - Sjöblom, P.O., Andréewitch, S . Bejerot, S., Mörtberg, E. , Brinck, U., Ruck, C., & Körlin, D. (2003).Regional treatment recommendation for anxiety disorders. Stockholm: Medical Program Committee/ Stockholm City Council, Sweden.
– Of all psychotherapies CBT and EMDR are recommended as treatments of choice for PTSD. - Therapy Advisor (2004-7).
An NIMH sponsored website listing empirically supported methods for a variety of disorders. EMDR is one of three treatments listed for PTSD. United Kingdom Department of Health (2001). Treatment choice in psychological therapies and counselling evidence based clinical practice guideline. London, England.
– Best evidence of efficacy was reported for EMDR, exposure, and stress inoculation - World Health Organization (2013). Guidelines for the management of conditions that are specifically related to stress. Geneva, WHO.
– Trauma-focused CBT and EMDR are the only psychotherapies recommended for children, adolescents and adults with PTSD. “Like CBT with a trauma focus, EMDR therapy aims to reduce subjective distress and strengthen adaptive cognitions related to the traumatic event. Unlike CBT with a trauma focus, EMDR does not involve (a) detailed descriptions of the event, (b) direct challenging of beliefs, (c) extended exposure, or (d) homework.” (p. 1)
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